LESSON 2: CONTROLLING LED BY PULSE WIDTH MODULATION (PWM)

In this lesson, we are going to tackle the theory behind the control of an LED using Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), you will also see how we build the circuit, and compile and upload the program (code) to the Arduino UNO.

#Arduino #ArduinoPWM #PulseWidthModulation

Reference: https://www.makerlab-electronics.com/

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Lesson 2 Controlling LED by PWM

Introduction In this lesson, let’s try something a little easier – gradually changing the luminance of an LED through programming. Since the pulsing light looks like breathing, we give it a magical name – breathing LED. We’ll accomplish this effect with pulse width modulation (PWM).

Components –

1 * Arduino Uno board –

1 * Breadboard – Jumper wires –

1 * LED –

1 * Resistor (220Ω) –

1 * USB cable

Principle

Pulse width modulation, or PWM, is a technique for getting analog results with digital means. Digital control is used to create a square wave, a signal switched between on and off. This on-off pattern can simulate voltages in between full on (5 Volts) and off (0 Volts) by changing the portion of the time the signal spends on versus the time that the signal spends off. The duration of “on time” is called the pulse width. To get varying analog values, you change, or modulate, that pulse width. If you repeat this on-off pattern fast enough with an LED for example, the result is as if the signal is a steady voltage between 0 and 5V controlling the brightness of the LED. (See the PWM description on the official website of Arduino).

We can see from the top oscillogram that the amplitude of the DC voltage output is 5V. However, the actual voltage output is only 3.75V through PWM because the high level only takes up 75% of the total voltage within a period.
Here is an introduction to the three basic parameters of PWM:

Duty cycle describes the proportion of “on” time to the regular interval or period of time.
Period describes the reciprocal of pulses in one second.
The voltage amplitude here is 0V–5V.

STEPS TO FOLLOW:

1. Build the Circuit

2. Program (Please refer to the example code.

/**************************************************************/
const int ledPin = 9;    // the pin that the LED is attached to

void setup ()
{
  pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);  // declare pin 9 to be an output:
}
 
void loop()
{
  for (int a=0; a<=255;a++)               //loop from 0 to 255
  {
    analogWrite(ledPin, a);               // set the brightness of pin 9:
    delay(8);                             //wait for 8 microseconds            
  }
    for (int a=255; a>=0;a--)             //loop from 255 down to 0
  {
    analogWrite(ledPin, a);               // set the brightness of pin 9:
    delay(8);                             //wait for 8 microseconds   
  }
  delay(800);                             //wait for 800 microseconds  
}

3. Compile the Code

4. Upload the Sketch to the Arduino Board

I have recommended stores where you can buy the components:

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https://www.makerlab-electronics.com/

https://www.e-gizmo.net/oc/index.php

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